Pregnant or breastfeeding women, as well as people with certain medical conditions, should avoid glutathione IV therapy unless its advised by a healthcare professional
In addition, latencies for scores 2 and 3 were assessed
Acetyl L-Carnitine The key active ingredient, Acetyl L-carnitine, helps the body convert fat into energy
Vitamin C T strong evidence (photoprotection, collagen, antioxidant) O supports systemic antioxidant network & glutathione recycling T + O Vitamin E (-tocopherol) T synergistic with Vit C, lipid membrane protection O systemic antioxidant, supports skin barrier T + O Vitamin A (retinoids / carotenoids) T gold standard for skin ageing (retinoic acid, retinal) O via carotenoids (not retinoic acid directly) T + O (different biological roles) Flavonoids (polyphenols) T limited but supportive (surface antioxidant/anti-inflammatory) O primary effective route O (primary) + T (adjunct) Resveratrol T antioxidant, anti-inflammatory (stability dependent) O poor bioavailability but systemic signalling effects T + O (modest evidence) Green tea catechins (EGCG) T good evidence (UV protection, anti-inflammatory) O strong systemic antioxidant & anti-inflammatory effects T + O -Carotene T minimal benefit O primary effective route (photoprotection over time) O only Lycopene T negligible penetration O strong evidence for systemic & skin photoprotection O only Lutein T emerging but limited evidence O primary route (skin & eye antioxidant) O (primary) T (adjunct) Zinc T anti-inflammatory, barrier support O enzyme function, immune & antioxidant roles T + O Selenium T no meaningful evidence O essential for glutathione peroxidase O only Copper T minimal relevance O essential trace element (SOD, collagen cross-linking) O Only Topical antioxidants primarily protect against environmental oxidative stress, whereas oral antioxidants support intracellular endogenous antioxidant systems. Clinical Application in Aesthetic Practice Antioxidants support healing after procedures (lasers, microneedling, chemical peels)
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