In granulosa cells of women with endometriosis, elevated lipid peroxidation markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) have been observed, accompanied by decreased glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4), key inhibitors of ferroptosis ( Ferroptosis exerts a double-edged effect in endometriosis: while it damages ovarian granulosa cells, oocytes, and embryosdisrupting oocyte maturation, decreasing oocyte retrieval rates, and impairing embryonic developmentit also promotes ectopic lesion growth through downstream signaling pathways that enhance angiogenesis and inflammation ( Therapeutically, ferroptosis inducers can promote lipid ROS accumulation and endometriotic cell death but may exacerbate granulosa cell damage, while ferroptosis inhibitors protect granulosa cells against oxidative damage
In in-vitro research, the GHK peptide (copper tripeptide-1) has been characterized as a modulator of multiple cellular pathways relevant to skin regeneration
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103: 610615 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 105.Meier JJ, Gallwitz B, Siepmann N, et al
