Studies indicate that it provides protective effects on IL-1 (20 ng/mL) and TNF- (20 ng/mL)-stimulated C20A4 human chondrocytes in vitro , at concentrations of 3, 5, and 10 M, with 10 M identified as the optimal dose
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Smith MC, Sumner ER, Avery SV
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Helps to improve skin tone, reduce the appearance of blemishes, and promote a healthy-looking complexion
By reducing mitochondrial ROS production and enhancing bioenergetic efficiency, metformin decreases mtDNA damage and attenuates mtDNA-mediated activation of innate immune sensors such as the cGASSTING pathway and inflammasomes [205]