10.1074/jbc.M109.062844 122 TraversoN.RicciarelliR.NittiM.MarengoB.FurfaroA
The fat-soluble secosteroid vitamin D functions as a prohormone, with its active form (calcitriol) acting as a hormone that regulates calciumphosphate homeostasis, reproductive function, metabolic processes, and immune system activity
Venous Ulcers Cause: Venous hypertension and valve failure poor venous return Typical features: Location: medial gaiter area (ankle/lower leg), rarely toes Appearance: shallow, irregular edges Exudate: often heavy Skin changes: oedema, hyperpigmentation, lipodermatosclerosis Pain: mild to moderate, improves with elevation Management focus: Compression therapy (once arterial disease excluded) Skin care and oedema control Wound dressings to manage exudate Arterial Ulcers Cause: Peripheral arterial disease (reduced blood flow) Typical features: Location: toes, forefoot, heel, pressure points Appearance: punched-out, deep, often necrotic Exudate: minimal Skin changes: cool, pale, shiny, hair loss Pain: severe, worse at night or when leg is elevated Management focus: Urgent vascular assessment Revascularisation where possible Avoid compression until perfusion is confirmed Why this distinction is critical Compression heals venous ulcers but can destroy an ischaemic limb Debridement may be appropriate in venous ulcers but dangerous in arterial disease without blood flow Dressing choice, escalation, and prognosis differ significantly Key message Treating an ulcer without understanding its cause is treating blind
(PubMed) McCaddon A
A suboptimal intake of the essential amino acids increases the body's need for the non-essential amino acids either through diet or supplementation
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