One of the major advantages of this method was the high selectivity of the two forms, with no interference from cysteine present in solution [82]
Based on the results obtained in the present study, the following mechanisms may be behind the anti-tumor effects of the combined treatment of CuNPs and low dose of gamma radiation, as they synergize in inducing oxidative stress state, which triggers signaling pathways of intrinsic apoptosis as well as antitumor and antiproliferative activities via Nf-kB/p38 MAPK signaling, and cell cycle arrest via cyclin D1
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Similarly, ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and its involvement in melanin synthesis via the ERK/CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) pathway demonstrate how kinases contribute not only to antioxidant defense but also to pigmentation regulation by upregulating MITF and TRP1 69,71
Red blood cell parameters: Red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), red cell distribution width (RDW-SD, RDW-CV)
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