doi:10.1073/pnas.0908786106 Iwasaki S, Yamasoba T
The accumulation of -syn in DA neurons into higher molecular pathological structures causes neurodegeneration, which further affects autophagy/lysosomal balance, mitochondrial homeostasis, ER, synaptic function, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity [156]
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[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 52.Hinds C.E., Peace E., Chen S., Davies I., El Eid L., Tomas A., Tan T., Minnion J., Jones B., Bloom S.R
GHK-Cu contains minimal copper per dose with copper chelated/bound to the peptide (not free ionic copper), and copper(II) redox activity is silenced when complexed with GHK, allowing delivery of nontoxic copper into the cell
Since these first inklings into the molecular causes of ASD, much work has gone into identifying additional ASD genes, and into characterizing the molecular, cellular and behavioral deficits caused by mutations in known ASD genes