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Conversely, population studies have found no association between increased risk of diabetic retinopathy and GLP-1 RA use [104, 105], with a low odds ratio observed for exenatide (OR 0.16), liraglutide (OR 0.18), albiglutide (OR 0.09), and dulaglutide (OR 0.11) [106]
Metabolic tracing studies further demonstrate that systemic NAD pools undergo inter-organ redistribution and are influenced by microbial metabolism and circulatory exchange [107, 108], indicating that NAD functions within a dynamic network rather than as a static intracellular reservoir [109]
Recent advances in understanding the role of glucagon-like peptide 1
The medication is still working
To minimize side effects like nausea or fatigue, stay hydrated the day before and eat a small, protein-rich meal