Signed written informed consent was obtained from each volunteer before screening processes for this study
1 Introduction Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by the progressive loss of neurons or myelin in the brain and spinal cord, including Alzheimers disease (AD), Parkinsons disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntingtons disease (HD) (Wilson et al., 2023)
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Among the class of green reducing agents, caffeic acid has one of the greatest reducing effects, when used alone
197 For instance, increased blood urea concentrations can alter the microbiome, resulting in the increased generation of toxic metabolites from the gastrointestinal tract as well as an increased tendency for toxins to cross the gut barrier, which can promote further kidney injury