Much of our understanding comes from laboratory research, animal studies, and growing clinical experience
While fortified foods and dietary sources from animal foods help healthy people, injections ensure therapeutic levels for cobalamin deficiency and neurological symptoms
The Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) tool was used to assess the certainty of the evidence for the two primary biochemical outcomesserum vitamin B12 concentration increase and homocysteine reductionacross all included studies, and separately for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies
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To increase resistance against infections, diseases and stress
Beyond pharmacological options, the NHS also provides: Tier 3 and Tier 4 weight management services multidisciplinary programmes including dietary, psychological, and physical activity support