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Metabolic demands for L-Carnitine Can be divided into 3 categories Primary Secondary Functional shortage age dependent condition dependent Muscle (lamb) - 2.03 Muscle (beef) - 0.61 Muscle (pig) - 0.27 Heart (cattle) - 0.23 Muscle (poultry)- 0.09 Milk (cow) - 0.026 Liver (lamb) - 0.022 Salmon - 0.0006 Rice - 0.018 Eggs and peas - 0.008 Potatoes - 0.0003 Carrots/spinach - 0.000 Carnitine content of foods (mg/g) adopted Heinz Loster 2003/Rigault 2007 Infants (3 kg) Skeletal muscle 1.98 Liver 0.55 Heart 0.77 Plasma males 0.026 females 0.023 Adults (70 kg) Skeletal muscle 3.96 Liver 2.90 Heart 4.80 Brain 0.30 Total Carnitine, humans (umol/ml) L-Carnitine in Pet Food Varies by type of ingredients foods of animal origin blended with other ingredients processing such boiling, soaked, washing freezing and/or drying Not understood is bioavailability of natural forms of L-Carnitine It matters: bound vs free L-Carnitine -Oxidation + + L-Carnitine L-Carnitine Krebs-Cycle Respiration CoA CoA CoA CoA CoA CoA Fatty acid + + + L-Carnitine L-Carnitine Energy (ATP) L-Carnitine physiology and its role in energy production Cell Mitochondria Cytosol Glucose Pyruvate Acetyl CoA OAA TCA Citrate -kg L-Carnitine supplementation can influence total metabolism Pyruvate Carboxylase Glycogen -oxidation Fat + L-Carnitine Protein Amino Acids BCAADH (leucine, iso,) Roles of L-Carnitine in the body Convert fat into energy

Dietary IPA supplementation in ApoE -/- mice alleviated plaque development via the miR-142-5p/ABCA1 pathway by promoting cholesterol efflux

Its primary function

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When the energy demand is high, inhibition of the isoform ACC2 of acetyl-CoA carboxylase increases fatty acid oxidation, while inhibition of the isoform ACC1 decreases fatty acid synthesis