In nutrient-rich conditions, mTOR remains active, suppressing autophagy initiation, while under stress conditions such as energy deficiency or DNA damage, the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), p53 or inhibition of pathways like PI3K/Akt and ERK reduces mTOR activity, which then releases the inhibition on autophagy and facilitates its initiation (Yang and Klionsky, 2010)
MED1 is mainly localized to basal layer cells, whereas SRC3 is enriched in the granular layer, forming a complementary expression pattern [48]
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The No-DAC variant is short-acting and allows tighter timing control in experimental designs
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