Salehi et al., 2019
Choline is the precursor of betaine which helps in liver function and the formation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
Individuals who have had gastrointestinal surgery, such as weight loss surgery, may also have fewer cells through which to secrete stomach acid and intrinsic factor, inhibiting B12 absorption
The long-term profile requires patience and ongoing monitoring
Of the 25 papers included for the ghrelin subsample, 12 studies reported data from healthy participants, 6 for individuals with overweight and obesity, two for participants with addiction, and one for patients with bariatric surgery, anorexia nervosa and Prader-Willi Syndrome each
Additionally, faster gastric emptying and shifts in nutrient absorption during early weeks may contribute to generalized muscle discomfort