Among them, the glutamate produced by the decomposition of glutamine via GLS not only provides the raw material for the synthesis of GSH but is also further metabolized into -ketoglutarate (-KG) in the mitochondria under the action of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD1) or transaminases and then enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle to produce ATP [29]
Most clinical observations and research protocols use this timeframe
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Although glucose uptake remains intact, downstream utilization of both glucose and fatty acids is markedly impaired, coinciding with reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, diminished respiratory capacity, and blunted glycolytic flux