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These include modulation of pathways involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, epigenetics, mitochondrial dysfunction, the gut microbiota, tryptophankynurenine metabolism, the HPA axis, neurogenesis and BDNF, epigenetics, and obesity

Insurance coverage often depends on BMI thresholds or the presence of diabetes, which limits access for normal-weight individuals with elevated cardiometabolic risk

M., Bliddal, H

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Those with a history of pancreatitis or severe gastrointestinal disorders should discuss alternative strategies with their provider

Such roles, which include uremic toxins production, alteration of metabolic pathways, and modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress, influence CKD pathogenesis (Pires et al., 2024)