2025;41:e70037
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The molecule was initially developed for use as a sunless tanning agent and has since undergone extensive clinical study
In a 2017 study using human vascular endothelial cells and a chick chorioallantoic membrane assay, Hsieh and colleagues reported that BPC-157 exposure increased VEGFR2 mRNA and protein expression, promoted VEGFR2 internalization (an effect blocked by the endocytosis inhibitor dynasore), and time-dependently activated the VEGFR2-Akt-eNOS axis without a corresponding increase in VEGF-A (Hsieh et al., 2017)
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Studies have reported OCTN2 expression in respiratory epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages, which is especially high in the upper lung region [301], and OCTN2-mediated carnitine uptake plays an important role in maintaining respiratory cilia beating and airway mucociliary clearance function, helping to remove excess mucus and potentially harmful substances from the airway [302]