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The stuff that our brains are made of are notoriously complex and work in yet-to-be-fully understood ways

One mechanism that contributes to cytochrome c detachment from IMM involves cardiolipin oxidation because oxidized cardiolipin has a much lower affinity for cytochrome c than the reduced form

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Cultured rat astrocytes have the potential to synthesize the three amino acids required for GSH synthesis from intracellular metabolites, but can also use extracellular amino acids and dipeptides as precursors of the three substrates of GSH synthesis (Dringen and Hamprecht 1996, 1998)

Reduced IGFBP affinity increases in-vitro potency yet can actually accelerate in-vivo clearance because binding proteins serve as a stabilizing reservoir

P.CuenoudB.XinL.et al (2025)