These covariates included demographics (age, gender [male, female, unknown], race [Black or African American, White, Asian], ethnicity [Hispanic or Latino, Not Hispanic or Latino, unknown], and marital status), socioeconomic determinants of health (SDOHs) including education, employment, environmental exposure, and housing, problems related to lifestyle, cancer, diabetes severity indicators (e.g., obesity, complications like nephropathy, liver, neuropathy, heart disease), some conditions known to be associated with constipation or intestinal obstruction (e.g., diseases of intestines, diseases of appendix), and prior prescription of medicines associated with diabetes, decreased intestinal motility, or constipation [15, 16, 27,28,29,30]
doi: 10.1007/s00167-013-2425-z 163 BorthwickLAWynnTAFisherAJ
Mrquez-Cruz M, Kammar-Garca A, Huerta-Cruz JC, Carrasco-Portugal MdelC, Barranco-Garduo LM, Rodrguez-Silverio J, et al
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