Key pathophysiologic mechanisms include: Mucosal barrier dysfunction: Impaired epithelial tight junctions allow bacterial translocation, triggering innate immune activation T-helper cell dysregulation: Predominantly Th1 and Th17 pathways drive chronic inflammation via TNF-, IL-12, IL-23 the basis for biologic therapy targets Transmural inflammation: Unlike UC (mucosal only), CD involves all layers: mucosa submucosa muscularis propria serosa Granuloma formation: Non-caseating granulomas are pathognomonic but present in only ~3050% of biopsies Fibrosis and stricture: Chronic inflammation activates myofibroblasts collagen deposition luminal narrowing obstructive symptoms Fistula formation: Transmural ulcers penetrate serosa form sinus tracts connect to adjacent bowel, bladder, vagina, or skin 7
Int J Mol Sci 24:6979 Vanduchova A, Anzenbacher P, Anzenbacherova E (2019) Isothiocyanate from broccoli, sulforaphane, and its properties
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One of the main roles of acetyl L-carnitine (ALC) is to carry fatty acids from the cytosol (the main body of the cell) into the mitochondria (the energy-producing furnaces within cells) so that these fats can be oxidised for energy
GBIF Backbone Taxonomy
