Despite their widespread use, certain aspects of GLP-1 function, particularly its actions in the central nervous system (CNS), remain poorly understoodan important gap given the growing number of patients receiving these treatments
Padda IS, Mahtani AU, Parmar M
A 2025 meta-analysis of eight randomized trials (541 participants) puts the pooled benefit near 0.4% A1c modest, but consistent across every trial
At subphysiological temperatures, neutrophil motility, phagocytosis, and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation are markedly reduced (3739), and even mild perioperative hypothermia has been shown to increase the risk of surgical-site infections (40)
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These same effects may reduce dietary B12 consumption over time, particularly from animal-derived foods