2b and Supplementary Figs S1 and S3)
In summary, the pathophysiology of abdominal pain in chronic constipation involves a complex interplay of mechanical, microbial, neuroendocrine, and genetic-epigenetic mechanisms
Its angiomodulatory propertiesmeaning it regulates blood vessel growthhave drawn interest for tendon and ligament healing
These findings counter early concerns regarding prolactin elevation or CYP2D6 inhibition
These effects are directly related to the medication's mechanism of slowing gastric emptying and affecting gut motility
They are substrates selectively utilized by host microorganisms with health benefits ( Faecalibister prausnitzii , up-regulate butyric acid synthesis-related genes, enhance colonic butyrate level, and then activate host GPR41/43 receptors to improve insulin sensitivity ( Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium may directly reduce testosterone levels and improve the balance of LH and FSH secretion by regulating the gut-brain axis or directly participating in hormone metabolism ( Lactobacillus acidophilus UBLA-34, L