INTRODUCTION Obesity is a major public health problem around the world that is linked to severe comorbid disease conditions, physical impairment, high mortality rates, and compromised quality of life.[14] Obesity is characterized by the buildup of excessive body fat and extreme dysregulation in whole-body energy expenditure, glucose, hormone, and lipid homeostasis that typically present as adverse metabolic disorders.[4, 5] Additionally, the physiological, metabolic, and psychological changes that accompany obesity are major factors in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD) (e.g., coronary heart disease, dyslipidemia, hypertension),[6, 7] stroke, inflammation, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, and several obesity-linked cancers (e.g., colorectal, breast, kidney, prostate).[6, 8] Lifestyle modifications including diet and exercise may help reverse obesity and improve chronic disease biomarkers (e.g., T2D),[9] but are largely ineffective in achieving sustained weight loss and glycemic control.[10] Pharmacological treatments for obesity exist, but unfortunately most approved anti-obesity drugs have only modest efficacy and/or produce severe adverse effects (e.g., cardiovascular risks, central nervous system effects)
Homocysteine level test: When there is a deficiency of vitamin B12, homocysteine levels in the blood tend to rise
Similar to cardiovascular disease, although the research has shown that vitamin B12 supplementation reduces homocysteine blood levels, this has not translated into reduced rates of cognitive decline
Related Side Effects from Vitamin B12 Shots Theres no established toxic dose for B12since its a water-soluble vitamin, youll flush out whatever you cant use
Prevalence of parietal cell antibodies in a large cohort of patients with autoimmune thyroiditis
FTPP adipotide targets fat tissue vasculature
