Crucially, the specific papers tying Dihexa to that axis were retracted in 2025 for falsified/fabricated figures, so the mechanism must be treated as unproven pending independent replication [4]
Almost every cell has vitamin D receptors, and once its activated, it can even cross into the brain
Peptides are short chains of amino acids that serve as signaling molecules throughout the body
MacLaughlin DT, Donahoe PK
The immune cells are essentially stealing the body's limited energy reserves to fight an invisible, ongoing war against oxidative damage
In addition, Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), a 21-kDa integral plasma membrane protein is a well-known negative regulator of eNOS activity in vascular endothelial cells 17,18,19,20,21,22