The results of the KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analysis showed that differential genes played an important role in seven pathways
B12 Deficiency and Dermatological Symptoms Patients with a vitamin B12 deficiency may notice dermatological symptoms such as hyperpigmentation, vitiligo, or dry, irritated skin
Studies have shown that H 2 can activate Nrf2 and induce its translocation into the nucleus, enhancing the transcription of catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) (Murakami et al., 2017), thereby upregulating the expression of intracellular antioxidant enzymes through the Nrf2-ARE pathway, neutralizing ROS, mitigating oxidative damage, and ultimately achieving systemic antioxidant protection of hydrogen at the cellular and mitochondrial levels
Figure 1 Type 2 Diabetes and Butyrate-Producing Bacteria T2D has been associated with compositional and functional shifts in the gut microbiota
Additionally, the development of quercetin-loaded phytosomal hydrogels has been explored to enhance skin delivery and stability, indicating potential for co-formulation with vitamin D analogs in psoriasis therapy (Ahmad and Tiwari 2025)
The FDA classifies semaglutide as Category C for pregnancy, meaning animal studies have shown some risk but human data is limited
