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Shokrpour, M
For B12 injections, gauges between 22 and 27 are typically used
Binds extracellular and exchangeable copper(II) ions with high affinity, facilitating copper delivery into cells and enhancing the action of copper-dependent enzymes necessary for extracellular matrix synthesis and antioxidant defenses 2
Specifically, copper(II) complexes absorb light in the red-orange region (~600-700 nm) and transmit/reflect blue wavelengths, which is the same fundamental chemistry that gives copper sulfate its blue color
Copper entrance requires its prior reduction by cell surface metalloreductases, as Ctr1 mediates transport of Cu(I) only, whereas ceruloplasmin, which carries half of the copper in blood plasma, delivers it as Cu(II) to the cell membrane [137]