Investigations into the mechanisms involved in OTA-induced toxicities have included studies on its accumulation in target organs, biotransformation in several species, and its potential role in oxidative stress (Kszegi and Por 2016
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Abbreviations (Camp-GEF2): (CAMP)-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2 (MPTP): 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyidine (ATP): Adenosine triphosphate (AGE): Advances glycation end-product (ALT): Alanine aminotransferase (ALD): Alcoholic liver disease (AGI): Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (a-SMA): Alpha-smooth muscle actin (AD): Alzheimer's disease (ADA): American diabetes association (AMPK): AMP-activated protein kinase (APP/PS1): Amyloid polypeptide/Presenilin 1 (ApoE): Apolipoprotein E (AST): Aspartate aminotransferase levels (ANP): Atrial natriuretic peptide (BP): Blood pressure (BMI): Body mass index (BAT): Brown adipose tissue (CICR): Calcium-induced calcium release (C-terminus): Carboxyl terminal (CV): Cardiovascular (CVDs): Cardiovascular diseases (CVOT): Cardiovascular outcome trials (CNS): Central nervous system (CKD): Chronic kidney disease (JNK): C-Jun-N-terminal kinase (CD14): Cluster of differentiation 14 (CRP): C-reactive protein (cAMP): Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (DCCT): Diabetes control and complications trial (DM): Diabetes mellitus (DN): Diabetic nephropathy (DBP): Diastolic blood pressure (DPP-4): Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (eGFR): Electronic glomerular filtration rate (ER): Endoplasmic reticulum (EC): Endothelial cells (ESRD): End-stage renal disease (EGFR): Epidermal growth factor receptor (EU): European union (ELIXA): Evaluation of lixisenatide in acute coronary syndrome (EXSCEL): Exenatide study of cardiovascular event lowering (EX-4): Exendin-4 (ER): Extended-release (Erk): Extracellular signal-related kinase (FN): Fibronectin (FDA): Food and drugs administration (FFA): Free fatty acid (GIP): Gastro-inhibitory intestinal peptide (GI): Gastrointestinal (GLP-1RAs): GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1): Glucagon-like peptide-1 (HbA1c): Glycosylated haemoglobin (GPCR): G-protein-coupled receptor (HR): Hazard ratio (IGT): Impaired glucose tolerance (IP3): Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IR): Insulin receptors (ICAM-1): Intercellular cell adhesion molecule (IL-1): Interleukin 1 (ICAM-1): Intracellular cell adhesion molecule (ICH): Intracerebral haemorrhage (LV): Left ventricular (LPS): Lipopolysaccharide (LEAD): Liraglutide effect and action on diabetes (LDL): Low-density lipoprotein (MACE): Major adverse cardiovascular events (MAP): Mean arterial blood pressure (MCAO): Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCP-1): Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MS): Multiple Sclerosis (NEP 24.11): Neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NPH): Neutral protamine hagedorn (NO): Nitric oxide (NAFLD): Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NASH): Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NF-B): Nuclear factor-kappa beta (NTS): Nucleus tractus solitarii (OD): Once in a day (ox-LDL): Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (PD): Parkinson's disease (PPBG): Postprandial blood glucose (Lbs): Pounds (PC): Propeptide convertase (PKA): Protein kinase A (PKC): Protein kinase C (RCTs): Randomized control trials (ROS): Reactive oxygen species (RhGLP-1 RAs): Recombinant human GLP-1RAs (RYR): Ryanodine receptors (SUSTAIN-6): Semaglutide in subjects with type 2 diabetes (Sr.Cr): Serum creatinine (SGLT2): Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (STZ): Streptozotocin (SBP): Systolic blood pressure (HOMA-beta): The homeostasis model for -cell function TGF-1: Transforming growth factor-1 (TGF-1): Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TBI): Traumatic brain injury (TNF-): Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (T2DM): Type-2 diabetes mellitus (UACR): Urine albumin to creatinine ratio (VCAM-1): Vascular cell adhesion molecule (VSMCs): Vascular smooth muscle cells (VDCC): Voltage-dependent calcium channel (WAT): White adipose tissue References Suryasa IW, Rodrguez-Gmez M, Koldoris T (2021) Health and treatment of diabetes mellitus
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TESTING 4
