Although we have focused on the mitochondria as we believe that this core respiratory deficiency is the most important example of a copper-dependent system as it governs metabolism (Ruiz et al., 2021), it is necessary to point out the key role of other copper-dependent systems that would be compromised in the brain-wide copper deficiency we see in AD
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Topamax (generically named Topiramate) is an anticonvulsant medication used by patients to treat epilepsy, nerve pain, seizures and to prevent migraine headaches
RALDH2, retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2
The administration of hemin results in the boost of HO-1 expression and mitigates inflammatory responses in retinal ganglion cell injury in diabetic retinopathy, as well as diabetic wound healing, diabetic kidney function and [54,55,56]
By improving blood sugar control, reducing blood pressure, and potentially exerting direct anti-inflammatory effects on the kidneys, these drugs can help preserve vital kidney function