Phagocytic leucocytes (white blood cells) especially neutrophils produce abundant of oxygen radicals through NADPH-Oxidase activity (O2 + e O2) as effort to destroy invading pathogens in defense or protection of the host organism.11 Oxygen-derived radicals are also produced as integral metabolites in cascades of enzyme catalyzed reactions
The spike protein-induced endothelial cell stress could cause GRP78 overexpression and translocation, leading to cytokine production, whereby it acts as a danger associated molecular patter (DAMP) activating toll-like receptors 40
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In addition, heterozygous GPx1 +/ mice had augmented endothelial dysfunction, characterized by a decrease in acetylcholine-mediated vasodilator responses, in carotid arteries following exposure to angiotensin II, a known activator of NADPH-oxidase-dependent ROS generation [73]
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Additionally, a large survey of over 2000 transmasculine patients on TRT revealed the following: 33.3% developed acne with injected testosterone 48.6% experienced acne with transdermal testosterone So while incidence varies, multiple studies suggest variables like dosage, duration, and genetics impact acne risk