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Key Points Native human GLP-1 normalizes hyperglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, but the short in vivo half-life of this hormone limits its therapeutic application A number of synthetic GLP-1 receptor agonists, with half-lives between 23 h and several days, have been developed for the long-term treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus Short-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists (such as exenatide and lixisenatide) predominantly lower postprandial glucose levels and insulin concentrations via retardation of gastric emptying Long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists (such as albiglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide long-acting release and liraglutide) predominantly lower blood glucose levels through stimulation of insulin secretion and reduction of glucagon levels Adverse effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists include nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea, injection-site reactions, antibody formation and increased heart rate This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution Access options Subscribe to this journal Receive 12 print issues and online access $189.00 per year only $15.75 per issue Buy this article Purchase on SpringerLink Instant access to the full article PDF

Weeks 9-12: 8mg/week Full therapeutic range

The 15-amino-acid sequence subsequently designated BPC-157 was defined from that work

Contraindications This therapy may not be suitable for individuals who: Are pregnant or breastfeeding Have active malignancies or tumor-related conditions Have uncontrolled metabolic or endocrine disorders Are under 18 years of age A consultation is required prior to treatment

Exclusion criteria included unreliably extracted data, non-English language studies, books, conference papers, case reports, and articles without full text, and non-original articles like reviews and meta-analyses

3 It has been postulated that the oxidation-reduction status of GSH may act as a third messenger in either enhancing or diminishing the activities of a number of biologic processes, such as enzyme catalysis, protein synthesis, and receptor binding