The most commonly accepted theory is that a defect in the glycosaminoglycan layer of the bladder urothelium allows solutes in the urine to penetrate through the urothelium into the bladder interstitium which causes an inflammatory reaction [1]
According to clinical research parenteral administration (intramuscular or intravenous) is preferred over other drug administration routes in case of emergency situations as it provides first-pass metabolism avoidance, reliable therapeutic concentrations and better bioavailability of dosage (2) It can also be used in situations when oral route is not feasible
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Exosomes have many potential as drug carriers, such as through penetration through a wide range of biological barriers, natural targeting capabilities, biocompatibility, less immunogenicity than synthetic NPs, stability, and the ability to deliver both large and small biological molecules [147, 148]
Complementary, Burada et al
Added to the failures was a decrease in income due to COVID
