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The Truth About BPC-157: Why 35 of 36 Studies Can't Tell Us If It Works A systematic review on BPC-157 found only one human study, a 12-person case series with no control group, no blinding, and no standardized measures (the lowest level of clinical evidence)

Jellinger K, Bancher C

The effects of NTZ were compared to those of the standard antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), as a well-documented hepatoprotective agent known to inhibit ER stress, and to those of 4-phenyl butyrate (4-PBA), a standard ER stress inhibitor (Soliman et al., 2019)

Physician experts were consulted to estimate the resources and costs of converting patients to oral supplements

The most parsimonious hypothesis is simply that this is a case of a viral protease targeting a cellular gene for cleavage, for which there are abundant precedents, including the proposed M pro targeting of TRMT1 and HDAC2 (9), and HIV-1 protease, which can be toxic to cells, via its action at various cellular targets (15)