Transl Psychiatry 2 , e84 (2012)
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A note on coughing and chest pain While most physical withdrawal symptoms will have dissipated one month after quitting smoking, coughing can persist in some cases
It can cause a persistent allergic response, smoke- or environmental-triggered inflammation that leads to airway scarring, which are the principal causes of airflow limitation in COPD [116, 117]
Since the 1964 Surgeon Generals report on smoking and health, adult smoking prevalence has dropped by two-thirds, from 43 percent to 14 percent
Heterogeneity in socioeconomic gradients between countries might also be partially explained by country level factors such as implemented tobacco control policies.45 However, whereas price increases and targeted cessation support have been found to reduce inequalities in smoking by socioeconomic status, equity impacts of other tobacco control interventions are less clear.45 Thus, socioeconomic differences in tobacco use in low and middle income countries might not only warrant the stricter implementation of tobacco control measures to reach disadvantaged individuals, but also the integration of these measures into wider, community-based public health strategies