The biomarkers used in the studies discussed here are metabolites of nicotine and tobacco carcinogens
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Vanapalli KR, Sharma HB, Anand S, Ranjan VP, Singh H, Dubey BK, Mohanty B (2023) Cigarettes butt littering: the story of the worlds most littered item from the perspective of pollution, remedial actions, and policy measures
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The tobacco combustion process changes and, as a result, certain harmful substances are released in larger quantities
Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Logan DK, Kereiakes DJ, Lasseter KC, White A et al (2013) The Influence of smoking status on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clopidogrel and prasugrel: the PARADOX study