Propensity score matching attenuated the inverse associations and rendered them non-significant, suggesting healthy switcher bias and residual confounding rather than a protective effect of e-cigarette use
These require immediate emergency care
The minimum age to purchase tobacco products was increased to 21 from 18 in 2019, while e-cigarette regulations have also grown
As mentioned above, the most frequent bias found was related with selection bias, which can lead to an over/underestimation of the obtained results
7 and producing two tough pars
Further studies are needed to confirm the effects of smoking cessation on endothelial function using an appropriate study design, several smoking cessation methods, short- to long-term follow-up periods, different grades of smoking status, and diverse subjects including subjects with advanced atherosclerosis and healthy subjects in large clinical trials